Roman Numeral Converter — Arabic to Roman & Back 

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What are Roman numerals?

Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome that uses letters from the Latin alphabet to represent values. The seven core symbols are: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, and M = 1000. They were the standard writing system for numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages and are still widely used today on clock faces, in movie titles, at sporting events, and for chapter numbering. For working with other number formats, try our random number generator or the age calculator for quick date-based calculations.

How to convert Arabic to Roman numerals?

To convert an Arabic number to Roman numerals, repeatedly subtract the largest possible Roman value and append the corresponding symbol until the number reaches zero. The standard values used in descending order are: M (1000), CM (900), D (500), CD (400), C (100), XC (90), L (50), XL (40), X (10), IX (9), V (5), IV (4), I (1).

Example — converting 2024:

  1. 2024 − 1000 = 1024 → M
  2. 1024 − 1000 = 24 → MM
  3. 24 − 10 = 14 → MMX
  4. 14 − 10 = 4 → MMXX
  5. 4 − 4 = 0 → MMXXIV

Result: 2024 = MMXXIV

What is the Roman numeral system?

The Roman numeral system is an additive and subtractive positional system. When a smaller symbol appears before a larger one, it is subtracted; when it appears after, it is added. The six subtractive combinations are: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), and CM (900). A symbol may not be repeated more than three times in a row. The system covers values from 1 (I) to 3999 (MMMCMXCIX); numbers beyond 3999 historically used an overline to multiply by 1000.

What are some Roman numeral examples?

Basic symbols: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000.

  • XIV = 10 + 4 = 14 (X + IV)
  • XL = 50 − 10 = 40 (subtractive)
  • XC = 100 − 10 = 90 (subtractive)
  • CD = 500 − 100 = 400 (subtractive)
  • CM = 1000 − 100 = 900 (subtractive)
  • MMXXIV = 2000 + 20 + 4 = 2024
  • MCMXCIX = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 9 = 1999
  • MMMCMXCIX = 3999 (the maximum standard value)

When are Roman numerals used?

Roman numerals remain in active use across many contexts in modern life:

  • Clock faces: traditional analog clocks often use Roman numerals for hour markers.
  • Book chapters and outlines: chapter numbers, appendices, and legal documents frequently use Roman numerals for top-level sections.
  • Film and TV: copyright years in movie credits, Super Bowl numbering (e.g. Super Bowl LVIII), and Olympic Games editions are displayed in Roman numerals.
  • Monarchs and popes: regnal numbers distinguish rulers with the same name — Henry VIII, Pope John Paul II.
  • Academic and scientific naming: Roman numerals denote oxidation states in chemistry (iron(III) oxide), cranial nerves (I–XII), and musical chord inversions.